The mailing list of Indonesian translators (called Bahtera), it is clear that publishers tend. Rose petals fall with the water from an earthen jug. (11) sebelum esok.
SummaryWith a narrative apparatus as complex as it is beautiful, Eco’s work gives the reader both a clear defense of and an intricate detective story. Both facets are framed by an unfinished story, the narrative of a scholar who finds an interesting tale within a number of manuscripts. Perhaps because the space this framing story is given is so slight compared with the density of what is to follow or perhaps because of the tone of the scholar, these first few pages remain with the reader as the text goes back to the source of the manuscripts in the early 14th century.In 1327 a young novice, Adso of, and a learned, William of Baskerville, visit a Benedictine in northern for a theological debate. The, Abo of Fossanova, asks William to look into the recent death of the illuminator Adelmo of, who fell from the octagonal Aedificium, which houses the abbey’s labyrinthine library; William is barred from entering the library itself, however. That evening William debates with the monks about the theological uses of laughter; an elderly blind monk, Jorge of, condemns laughter as disruptive.
The expected Franciscan legation and representatives of the pope arrive for the debate, and among them is the Bernard Gui, who arrests two monks, Salvatore and the cellarer Remigio, for; both had been members of an sect. Bernard Gui frightens Remigio into confessing not only to heresy but also, falsely, to the murders.Severinus is then found murdered in his apartment, and a mysterious manuscript that he had told William that he found is missing. On the morning of the sixth day, the librarian Malachi collapses and dies during morning prayers; ink stains are observed on his fingers. William believes that there is a connection between the murders and the. He also thinks that those who know about the mysterious manuscript are being killed. However, Abo wants William to stop his investigations.William and Adso return to the library and at last discover a way into the forbidden room called finis Africae, where they find Jorge of Burgos.
It is revealed that he had poisoned the pages of the missing manuscript, and Venantius, Berengar, and Malachi died after touching the pages. Jorge had also manipulated Malachi into murdering Severinus. In addition, he has trapped Abo in a secret stairway, where he suffocates. The book that Jorge is protecting is a volume of ’s Poetics on comedy and laughter. The blind monk then eats pages of the book and knocks over Adso’s lantern, setting a fire that consumes the abbey.
William and Adso escape and return home. LegacyThe Name of the Rose asks its readers to share William’s task of interpretation, to respect the polyphony of signs, to slow down before deciding upon meaning, and to doubt anything that promises an end to the pursuit of meaning. In this way, Eco opens up the wonder of interpretation itself. The book, Eco’s first novel, became a surprise worldwide. It won the 1981 Strega Prize in Italy as well as several other international literary prizes and inspired numerous works of scholarly analysis.
The 1986, directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud, starred and Christian Slater.
Provinces,Largest settlement(pop. 10,135,030)DemographicsPopulation145 million (2015)Pop. Density1,121 /km 2 (2,903 /sq mi)Ethnic groups(inc., ), (inc., ), etc.This article contains letters from the. Without proper, you may see instead of.Java (: Jawa;: ꦗꦮ;: ᮏᮝ) is an of, bordered by the on the south and the on the north. With a population of over 141 million (Java only) or 145 million (including the inhabitants of its surrounding islands), Java is the home to 56.7 percent of the and is the world's. The capital city, is located on its coast. Much of Indonesian history took place on Java.
It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial. Java was also the center of the during the 1930s and 1940s.
Java dominates politically, economically and culturally. Four of Indonesia's eight UNESCO world heritage sites are located in Java:, and.Formed mostly as the result of volcanic eruptions from geologic subduction between and, Java is the in the world and the in by landmass at about 138,800 square kilometres (53,600 sq mi).
A chain of volcanic mountains forms an east–west spine along the island. Three main languages are spoken on the island:, and, where Javanese is the most spoken; it is the native language of about 60 million in Indonesia, most of whom live on Java. Furthermore, most residents are, speaking (the official language of Indonesia) as their first or second language. While the majority of the people of Java are, Java's population comprises people of diverse religious beliefs, ethnicities, and cultures.Java is divided into four administrative provinces, and, and two special regions,.
InJava lies between to the west and to the east. Lies to the north and is to the south. Java is surrounded by the to the north, to the west, the to the south and and in the east.Java is almost entirely of origin; it contains thirty-eight forming an east–west spine that have at one time or another been active. The highest volcano in Java is Mount (3,676 metres (12,060 ft)). The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is (2,930 metres (9,610 ft)). In total, Java boast more than 150 mountains.More mountains and highlands help to split the interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for cultivation; the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world. Java was the first place where was grown, starting in 1699.
Today, is grown on the Ijen Plateau by small-holders and larger plantations. Highland near, c. 1865–1872The area of Java is approximately 150,000 square kilometres (58,000 sq mi). It is about 1,000 km (620 mi) long and up to 210 km (130 mi) wide. The island's longest is the 600 km long. The river rises from its source in central Java at the volcano, then flows north and eastward to its mouth in the near the city of.
Other major rivers are, and.The average temperature ranges from 22 °C (72 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F); average humidity is 75%. The northern coastal plains are normally hotter, averaging 34 °C (93 °F) during the day in the.
The south coast is generally cooler than the north, and highland areas inland are even cooler. The begins in November and ends in April. During that rain falls mostly in the afternoons and intermittently during other parts of the year. The wettest months are January and February.West Java is wetter than East Java and mountainous regions receive much higher rainfall. The highlands of West Java receive over 4,000 millimetres (160 in) annually, while the north coast of East Java receives 900 millimetres (35 in) annually.Natural environment. Male shot in 1934 in West Java.
Today only small numbers of Javan rhino survive in; it is the world's rarest rhino.Originally Javan wildlife supported a rich biodiversity, where numbers of species of flora and fauna flourished; such as the, (tiger),. With over 450 species of birds and 37 endemic species, Java is a birdwatcher's paradise.
There are about 130 freshwater fish species in Java. There are also several, including 5 species of.Since ancient times, people have opened the rainforest, altered the ecosystem, shaped the landscapes and created and terraces to support the growing population. Javan rice terraces have existed for more than a millennium, and had supported ancient agricultural kingdoms. The growing human population has put severe pressure on Java's wildlife, as rainforests were diminished and confined to highland slopes or isolated peninsulas. Some of Java's endemic species are now critically endangered, with some already extinct; Java used to have and, but both have been rendered extinct.
Today, several national parks exist in Java that protect the remnants of its fragile wildlife, such as, and.Administration. Surrounded by rice fields. Java's volcanic topography and rich agricultural lands are the fundamental factors in its history.Fossilised remains of, popularly known as the ', dating back 1.7 million years were found along the banks of the.The island's exceptional fertility and rainfall allowed the development of wet-field rice cultivation, which required sophisticated levels of cooperation between villages. Out of these village alliances, small kingdoms developed. The chain of volcanic mountains and associated highlands running the length of Java kept its interior regions and peoples separate and relatively isolated. Before the advent of Islamic states and European colonialism, the rivers provided the main means of communication, although Java's many rivers are mostly short. Only the and Sala rivers could provide long-distance communication, and this way their valleys supported the centres of major kingdoms.
A system of roads, permanent bridges and toll gates is thought to have been established in Java by at least the mid-17th century. Local powers could disrupt the routes as could the wet season and road use was highly dependent on constant maintenance. Consequently, communication between Java's population was difficult.
Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms era. The 9th century Buddhist in Central JavaThe and kingdoms of western Java appeared in the 4th and 7th centuries respectively, while the sent embassies to China starting in 640.: 53,79 However, the first major principality was the that was founded in central Java at the beginning of the 8th century. Medang's religion centred on the Hindu god, and the kingdom produced some of Java's earliest Hindu temples on the. Around the 8th century the dynasty rose in and become the patron of. This ancient kingdom built monuments such as the 9th century and in central Java.Around the 10th century the centre of power shifted from central to eastern Java.
The eastern Javanese kingdoms of, and were mainly dependent on rice agriculture, yet also pursued trade within the Indonesian archipelago, and with China and India.was established by: 201 and by the end of the reign of (r. 1350–89) it claimed sovereignty over the entire Indonesian archipelago, although control was likely limited to Java, Bali and Madura. Hayam Wuruk's prime minister, led many of the kingdom's territorial conquests.: 234 Previous Javanese kingdoms had their power based in agriculture, however, Majapahit took control of ports and shipping lanes and became Java's first commercial empire.
With the death of Hayam Wuruk and the, Majapahit went into decline.: 241 Spread of Islam and rise of Islamic sultanates became the dominant religion in Java at the end of the 16th century. During this era, the Islamic kingdoms of, and were ascendant. The became the dominant power of central and eastern Java at the end of the 16th century.
The principalities of Surabaya and Cirebon were eventually subjugated such that only Mataram and Banten were left to face the Dutch in the 17th century.Colonial periods. Tea plantation in Java during, in or before 1926Java's contact with the European colonial powers began in 1522 with between the and the. After its failure, the was confined to Malacca, and to the eastern islands.In 1596, a four-ship expedition led by was the first Dutch contact with Indonesia. By the end of the 18th century the Dutch had extended their influence over the sultanates of the interior through the. Internal conflict prevented the Javanese from forming effective alliances against the Dutch. Remnants of the Mataram survived as the Surakarta (Solo) and Yogyakarta principalities.
Javanese kings claimed to rule with divine authority and the Dutch helped them to preserve remnants of a Javanese aristocracy by confirming them as regents or district officials within the colonial administration.Java's major role during the early part of the colonial period was as a producer of. In spice producing islands like, rice was regularly imported from Java, to supply the deficiency in means of subsistence.During the in Europe, the fell to, as did its colony in the.
During the short-lived administration, as French proxy rule on Java, the construction of the was commenced in 1808. The road, spanning from in Western Java to Panarukan in East Java, served as a military supply route and was used in defending Java from British invasion.In 1811, Java was, becoming a possession of the, and Sir was appointed as the island's Governor. In 1814, Java was returned to the Dutch under the terms of the. Japanese prepare to discuss surrender terms with British-allied forces in Java 1945In 1815, there may have been five million people in Java. In the second half of the 18th century, population spurts began in districts along the north-central coast of Java, and in the 19th century population grew rapidly across the island.
Factors for the great population growth include the impact of Dutch colonial rule including the imposed end to civil war in Java, the increase in the area under rice cultivation, and the introduction of food plants such as and that could sustain populations that could not afford rice. Others attribute the growth to the taxation burdens and increased expansion of employment under the to which couples responded by having more children in the hope of increasing their families' ability to pay tax and buy goods. Claimed 100,000 lives in Java in 1820.The advent of trucks and railways where there had previously only been buffalo and carts, telegraph systems, and more coordinated distribution systems under the colonial government all contributed to famine elimination in Java, and in turn, population growth. There were no significant famines in Java from the 1840s through to the in the 1940s.
However, other sources claimed the is linked to famines and epidemics in the 1840s, firstly in and then, as cash crops such as indigo and sugar had to be grown instead of rice. Furthermore, the age of first marriage dropped during the 19th century thus increasing a woman's child-bearing years. Independence. The capital of Historical populationYearPop.±%197176,086,320—198091,269,528+20.0%1990107,581,306+17.9%2000121,352,608+12.8%2010136,610,590+12.6%2015145,013,583+6.2%sources: refers to the administrative regionJava has been traditionally dominated by an elite class, while the people in the lower classes were often involved in agriculture and fishing. The elite class in Java has evolved over the course of history, as cultural wave after cultural wave immigrated to the island.
There is evidence that South Asian emigres were among this elite, as well as Arabian and Persian immigrants during the Islamic eras. More recently, Chinese immigrants have also become part of the economic elite of Java. Although politically the Chinese generally remain sidelined, there are notable exceptions, such as the former governor of Jakarta,. Though Java is increasingly becoming more modern and urban, only 75% of the island has electricity. Villages and their rice paddies are still a common sight. Unlike the rest of Java, the population growth in Central Java remains low. Central Java however has a younger population than the national average.
The slow population growth can in part be attributed to the choice by many people to leave the more rural Central Java for better opportunities and higher incomes in the bigger cities. Java's population continues to rapidly increase despite many Javanese leaving the island. This is somewhat due to the fact that Java is the business, academic, and cultural hub of Indonesia, which attracts millions of non-Javanese people to its cities. The population growth is most intense in the regions surrounding and, which is reflected through the demographic diversity in those areas.Population development With a combined population of 145 million in the 2015 census (including Madura's 3.7 million), which is estimated for 2014 at 143.1 million (including 3.7 million for Madura), Java is the and is home to 57% of Indonesia's population.
At over 1,100 people per km² in 2014, it is also one of the most densely populated parts of the world, on par with Bangladesh. Every region of the island has numerous volcanoes, with the people left to share the remaining flatter land. Because of this, many coasts are heavily populated and cities ring around the valleys surrounding volcanic peaks.The population growth rate more than doubled in economically depressed Central Java in the latest 2010–2015 period vs 2000–2010, indicative of migration or other issues; there were significant during the earlier period. Approximately 45% of the population of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese, while Sundanese make a large portion of Java's population as well.The western third of the island (West Java, Banten, and DKI Jakarta) has an even higher population density, of nearly 1,500 per square kilometer and accounts for the lion's share of the population growth of Java.
A teenager in Java wearing traditional attire: headgear, sarong and as accessory. 1913Despite its large population and in contrast to the other larger islands of Indonesia, Java is comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition. Only two ethnic groups are native to the island—the. A third group is the, who inhabit the island of off the north east coast of Java, and have immigrated to in large numbers since the 18th century. The Javanese comprise about two-thirds of the island's population, while the Sundanese and Madurese account for 20% and 10% respectively.
The fourth group is the that speak a dialect of, they are the descendants of the people living around from around the 17th century. Betawis are, mostly descended from various Indonesian archipelago ethnic groups such as, mixed with foreign ethnic groups such as, and brought to or attracted to Batavia to meet labour needs. They have a culture and language distinct from the surrounding. PlayersThe Javanese explained the mythical origin of the island and its volcanic nature. Four major cultural areas exist on the island: the or Javanese heartland, the north coast of the pasisir region, the lands of West Java, and the, also known as.
Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal Java. The kejawen Javanese culture is the island's most dominant.
Java's remaining aristocracy are based here, and it is the region from where the majority of Indonesia's army, business, and political elite originate. Its language, arts, and etiquette are regarded as the island's most refined and exemplary.
The territory from in the west through to in the east and encompasses Indonesia's most fertile and densely populated agricultural land. And in ballet at, Java.In the southwestern part of Central Java, which is usually named the region, a cultural mingling occurred; bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the culture. In the central Javanese court cities of and, contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region, making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture. Classic arts of Java include music and puppet shows.Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region, and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include and, the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of. Is a famous contemporary Indonesian author, who has written many stories based on his own experiences of having grown up in Java, and takes many elements from Javanese folklore and historical legends.Languages.
Main article:Java has been a melting pot of religions and cultures, which has created a broad range of religious belief.influences came first with and penetrating deeply into society, blending with indigenous tradition and culture. One for this were the, called resi, who taught mystical practices. A resi lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs.
Resi's authorities were merely ceremonial. At the courts, clerics and pudjangga (sacred literati) legitimised rulers and linked cosmology to their political needs. Small enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large population along the eastern coast nearest, especially around the town of.The coming of, strengthened the status structure of this traditional religious pattern. More than 90 percent of the people of Java are Muslims, on a broad continuum between (more traditional) and (more modernist). The Muslim scholar of the writ ( ) became the new religious elite as Hindu influences receded.
Islam recognises no hierarchy of religious leaders nor a formal, but the established an elaborate rank order for mosque and other Islamic preaching schools. In Javanese (Islamic schools), The Kyai perpetuated the tradition of the resi. Students around him provided his needs, even around the school.
In, built in traditional.Pre-Islamic Javan traditions have encouraged Islam in a mystical direction. There emerged in Java a loosely structured society of religious leadership, revolving around kyais, possessing various degrees of proficiency in pre-Islamic and Islamic, and practice.
The kyais are the principal intermediaries between the villages masses and the realm of the. However, this very looseneess of kyai leadership structure has promoted. There were often sharp divisions between orthodox kyais, who merely instructed in Islamic law, with those who taught and those who sought reformed Islam with modern scientific concepts.
As a result, there is a division between santri, who believe that they are more orthodox in their Islamic belief and practice, with, who have mixed pre-Islamic and Hindu-Indian concepts with a superficial acceptance of Islamic belief.There are also communities, mostly in the larger cities, though some rural areas of south-central Java are strongly. Communities also exist in the major cities, primarily among the. The Indonesian constitution recognises six official religions.A wider effect of this division is the number of sects. In the middle of 1956, the Department of Religious Affairs in reported 63 religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions. Of these, 35 were in, 22 in and six in.
These include, etc. Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify themselves with one of the official religions. Ploughing near,Initially the economy of Java relied heavily on agriculture. Ancient kingdoms such as the, and were dependent on rice yields and tax. Java was famous for rice surpluses and rice export since ancient times, and rice agriculture contributed to the population growth of the island. Trade with other parts of Asia such as ancient India and China flourished as early as the 4th century, as evidenced by Chinese ceramics found on the island dated to that period.
Java also took part in the global trade of from ancient times in the Majapahit era, until well into the (VOC) era.The VOC set their foothold on in the 17th century and was succeeded by the in the 19th century. During these colonial times, the Dutch introduced the cultivation of commercial plants in Java, such as,.
In the 19th and early 20th century, Javanese coffee gained global popularity. Thus, the name 'Java' today has become a synonym for coffee. CentralJava has been Indonesia's most developed island since the Dutch East Indies era and continues to be so today in the modern Republic of Indonesia. The road transportation networks that have existed since ancient times were connected and perfected with the construction of by in the early 19th century.
It became the backbone of Java's road infrastructure and laid the base of (: Jalan Pantura, abbreviation from 'Pantai Utara'). The need to transport commercial produces such as coffee from plantations in the interior of the island to the harbour on the coast spurred the construction of railway networks in Java.
Today, industry, business, trade and services flourished in major cities of Java, such as, and; while some traditional Sultanate cities such as, and preserved its royal legacy and has become the centre of art, culture and tourism. Industrial estates are also growing in towns on northern coast of Java, especially around,. The highway networks was built and expanded since the New Order until the present day, connecting major urban centres and surrounding areas, such as in and around and; also the ones in,. In addition to these motorways, Java has 16 national highways.Based on the statistical data by the year of 2012 released by ( Badan Pusat Statistik), Java alone contributes at least 57.51% of Indonesia's GDP or equivalent to US$504 billion.See also.